The Arabic Language and Literature in Gymnasiums of Bosnia and Herzegovina during Austro-Hungarian Rule

Abstract

This article explores the introduction and development of Arabic language and literature instruction in gymnasiums (secondary schools) in Bosnia and Herzegovina during the Austro-Hungarian period. Following the 1878 occupation, the Austro-Hungarian administration implemented an educational system modeled on Austrian standards, while adapting it to local cultural and religious contexts. In 1889, classical Arabic was introduced as an alternative compulsory subject for Muslim students in place of Greek, as part of a broader strategy to integrate the Muslim population into the state education system. Arabic was taught in major gymnasiums in Sarajevo, Mostar, Tuzla, and Bihać. The curriculum was modeled on that of classical languages, and teaching materials included works by European Orientalists and Arab authors, as well as textbooks written by local teachers. These materials were approved by the local government and reviewed by both local scholars and prominent Orientalists such as Ignác Goldziher. The authorities were careful not to offend the religious sentiments of Muslims; for textbooks that addressed religious topics, they sought the opinion of the Reis-ul-ulema or the Ulema Mejlis.